Marketing Mix Insights into Biodiesel Consumption Trends: A Case Study of Bangkok, Thailand
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
As global attention increasingly turns toward cleaner and more sustainable energy options, biodiesel has gained traction as a viable alternative to fossil fuels. This study examines how consumers perceive and respond to biodiesel within social marketing in Bangkok, Thailand. The investigation is grounded in the 4Ps marketing framework—product, price, place, and promotion—the theoretical foundation for analyzing consumer behavior. Data were gathered from 300 participants through accidental sampling using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were employed to identify key patterns and relationships. The results indicate that consumers in Bangkok are generally well-informed about biodiesel and appreciate its environmental benefits. Significant factors influencing consumption include satisfaction with the product, convenience of distribution channels, and a strong awareness of biodiesel’s role in sustainable living. The study also reveals that market segmentation and satisfaction at the product level significantly shape consumer attitudes and decision-making. These findings highlight the importance of strategic, targeted marketing efforts to enhance public engagement with biodiesel. As environmental consciousness rises and government initiatives continue to support renewable energy, biodiesel is well-positioned to play a more significant role in Thailand’s sustainable energy transition. This study offers valuable insights for policymakers and marketers seeking to drive adoption through informed, consumer-centered strategies.
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Acharya AS, Prakash A, Saxena P, Nigam A (2013): Sampling: Why and how of it? Indian Journal of Medical Specialities, 4(2):3–7. https://doi.org/10.7713/ijms.2013.0032
ASEAN Energy Database System (n.d.): READ: Southern Asia urged to wind down coal to keep warming in check. ASEAN Centre for Energy. https://aseanenergy.org/news-clipping/southeast-asia-may-become-net-fossil-fuel-importer-in-coming-years-iea/
Ahmed M, Zhang L (2023): Distribution strategies and renewable energy adoption: Insights from emerging economies. Energy Strategy Reviews, 47:101047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2023.101047
Ajzen I (1991): The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2):179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Alsulami A, Fairbrass J, Botelho T, Assadinia S (2024): Renewable energy and innovation in Saudi Arabia: An exploration of factors affecting consumers' intention to adopt Solar PV. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 204:123430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123430
AMA (2021): Definitions of marketing. American Marketing Association. https://www.ama.org/the-definition-of-marketing-what-is-marketing/
Apisitniran L (2019): Officials to elevate B10 to primary diesel. Bangkok Post, July 11. https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/motoring/1702496/officials-to-elevate-b10-to-primary-diesel
Armstrong G, Kotler P (2020): Marketing: An introduction (14th ed.). Pearson.
Atkin KC (1973): Public opinion quarterly. New York, NY: Free Press.
Belch GE, Belch MA (2018): Advertising and promotion: An integrated marketing communications perspective (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Ben Khaled MW, Ouertani Abaoub N (2024): Energy sector evolution: Perspectives on energy platforms and energy transition. Platforms, 2(2):68–83. https://doi.org/10.3390/platforms2020005
Benchmarking of Biodiesel Fuel Standardization in East Asia Working Group (2010): Current status of biodiesel fuel in East-Asia and ASEAN countries. In: Goto S, Oguma M, Chollacoop N (Eds.), EAS-ERIA biodiesel fuel trade handbook: 2010, pp. 96–169. ERIA.
Blackemore R, Thalheimer C (2024): Innovation can accelerate Southeast Asia’s energy transition. Atlantic Council, January 23. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/energysource/innovation-can-accelerate-southeast-asias-energy-transition/
Brahma S, Nath B, Basumatary B, Das B, Saikia P, Patir K, Basumatary S (2022): Biodiesel production from mixed oils: A sustainable approach towards industrial biofuel production. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 10:100284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100284
Camilleri MA (2018): Market segmentation, targeting and positioning. In: Travel marketing, tourism economics and the airline product, Chapter 4, pp. 69–83. Springer.
Caratù M, Brescia V, Pigliautile I, Biancone P (2023): Assessing energy communities’ awareness on social media with a content and sentiment analysis. Sustainability, 15(8):6976. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086976
Cavelius P, Engelhart-Straub S, Mehlmer N, Lercher J, Awad D, Brück T (2023): The potential of biofuels from first to fourth generation. PLOS Biology, 21(3):e3002063. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002063
Chen C, Zhang D, Zhu L, Zhang F (2024): Promoting green choices: How price premium displays influence consumer preference for green products. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 207:107682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107682
Chin H, Choong WW, Alwi WRS, Bin Mohammed HAM (2014): Issues of social acceptance on biofuel development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 71:30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.060
Creswell JW, Creswell JD (2018): Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Debnath B, Shakur SM, Siraj TM, Bari MMBA, Islam TMRA (2023): Analyzing the factors influencing wind energy adoption in Bangladesh: A pathway to sustainability for emerging economies. Energy Strategy Reviews, 50:101265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2023.101265
Deloitte (2024): 2024 Gen Z and Millennial Survey: Living and working with purpose in a transforming world. https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-shared/docs/campaigns/2024/deloitte-2024-genz-millennial-survey.pdf?dlva=1
Deo K, Prasad A (2024): Factors influencing green energy consumer behaviour in Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 460:142609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142609
Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (2019): Thailand alternative energy situation 2019. Ministry of Energy, Thailand. https://www.m-society.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/mso_web/article_attach/29852/24210.pdf
DeVellis RF (2017): Scale development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Dewanti DS, Ayuwat D, Yongvanit S (2019): Household disaster management capacities in disaster prone II area of Mt. Slamet. Jamba: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 11(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v11i1.649
Diamantopoulos A, Schlegelmilch BB, Sinkovics RR, Bohlen GM (2003): Can socio-demographics still play a role in profiling green consumers? A review of the evidence and an empirical investigation. Journal of Business Research, 56(6):465–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00241-7
Doshi A, Pascoe S, Coglan L, Rainey JT (2023): The value of externalities for biofuels and implications for policy-led development: A discrete choice experiment with Australian consumers. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 35:592–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.12.006
D’Souza C, Taghian M, Khosla R (2007): Examination of environmental beliefs and its impact on the influence of price, quality, and demographic characteristics with respect to green purchase intention. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 15(2):69–78. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jt.5750039
Elgharbawy SA, Sadek MO, Kasaby AM (2021): A review on biodiesel feedstocks and production technologies. Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, 66(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072021000105098
El-Karmi ZF, Abu-Shikhah MN (2013): The role of financial incentives in promoting renewable energy in Jordan. Renewable Energy, 57:620–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.02.034
Elmustapha H, Hoppe T, Bressers H (2018): Consumer renewable energy technology adoption decision-making; comparing models on perceived attributes and attitudinal constructs in the case of solar water heaters in Lebanon. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172:347–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.131
Etikan I, Musa SA, Alkassim RS (2016): Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Farm Energy (2019): Commercial and large scale biodiesel production systems. https://farm-energy.extension.org/commercial-and-large-scale-biodiesel-production-systems/
Gujarati DN (2003): Basic econometrics (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Halek M, Holle D, Bartholomeyczik S (2017): Development and evaluation of the content validity, practicability and feasibility of the innovative dementia-oriented assessment system for challenging behaviour in residents with dementia. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1):554. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2469-8
Hanaki K, Portugal-Pereira J (2018): The effect of biofuel production on greenhouse gas emission reductions. In: Takeuchi K, Shiroyama H, Saito O, Matsuura M (Eds.), Biofuels and sustainability: Science for sustainable societies. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54895-9_6
Hanif H, Rakhman A, Nurkholis M, Pirzada K (2019): Intellectual capital: Extended VAIC model and building of a new HCE concept: The case of Padang Restaurant Indonesia. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(S):1–15. https://www.ajhtl.com/2019.html
Huo J, Peng C (2023): Depletion of natural resources and environmental quality: Prospects of energy use, energy imports, and economic growth hindrances. Resources Policy, 86(Part A):104049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104049
IEA (2019): Southeast Asia energy outlook 2019. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/southeast-asia-energy-outlook-2019
IEA (2021): World energy outlook 2021. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2021
IEA (2023): World energy outlook 2023. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2023
IEA (2024): Southeast Asia energy outlook 2024. International Energy Agency. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ac357b64-0020-421c-98d7-f5c468dadb0f/SoutheastAsiaEnergyOutlook2024.pdf
IEA Bioenergy (2021): Global biorefinery status report 2022. https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/IEA-Bioenergy-Task-42-Global-biorefinery-status-report-2022-220712.pdf
IEA Bioenergy (2024): The role of bioenergy in the energy transition, and implications on the global use of biomass. https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Commentary_RoleBioenergy_Dec2024l.pdf
IRENA (2022): World energy transitions outlook: 1.5°C pathway. International Renewable Energy Agency. https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/mar/world-energy-transitions-outlook-2022
IRENA (2023): Tracking SDG7: The energy progress report 2023. International Renewable Energy Agency. https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Jun/Tracking-SDG7-2023
Israel GD (1992): Determining sample size. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, EDIS. https://www.tarleton.edu/academicassessment/documents/Samplesize.pdf
Jaiswal KK, Chowdhury RC, Yadav D, Verma R, Dutta S, Jaiswal SK, Sangmesh B, Karuppasamy KSK (2022): Renewable and sustainable clean energy development and impact on social, economic, and environmental health. Energy Nexus, 7:100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100118
Jean W, Bursztyn M, Bernal N, Brasil Junior ACP, Litre G, Nogueira D (2024): Linking energy transition to income generation for vulnerable populations in Brazil: A win-win strategy. Sustainability, 16(17):7527. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177527
Kahintapongs S (2020): Renewable energy policy development in Thailand. International Journal of Multidisciplinary in Management and Tourism, 4(2), July–December.
Keller KL (2009): Building strong brands in a modern marketing communications environment. Journal of Marketing Communications, 15(2–3):139–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527260902757530
Klocker N, Gibson C, Borger E (2017): The environmental implications of multigenerational living: Are larger households also greener households? In: Liu E, Easthope H (Eds.), Multigenerational family living: Evidence and policy implications from Australia, pp. 160–177. Routledge.
Koh MY, Ghazi TIM (2011): A review of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. oil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(5):2240–2251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.013
Kotler P, Armstrong G (2020): Principles of marketing (18th ed.). Pearson.
Kotler P, Keller KL (2016): Marketing management (15th ed.). Pearson Education.
Kotler P, Armstrong G, Opresnik MO (2018): Principles of marketing (17th ed.). Pearson Education.
Kotler P, Kartajaya H, Setiawan I (2021): Marketing 5.0: Technology for humanity. Wiley.
Kowalska-Pyzalska A (2018): What makes consumers adopt innovative energy services in the energy market? A review of incentives and barriers. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82(3):3570–3581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.103
Krungsri Research (2021): Industry outlook 2021–2023: Biodiesel. https://www.krungsri.com/en/research/industry/industry-outlook/energy-utilities/biodiesel/io/io-biodiesel-21
KUDUN & PARTNERS (2025): Unlocking opportunities in Thailand’s renewable energy market: A legal perspective. https://www.kap.co.th/thought-leadership/renewable-energy-thailand/
Kwan M-P (2013): Beyond space (as we knew it): Toward temporally integrated geographies of segregation, health, and accessibility. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(5):1078–1086. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.792177
Likert R (1932): A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22(140):55.
Lin Y, Chiu C-H (2023): Effectiveness of discount incentives in carbon reduction: Impact of customer-perceived value sacrificed for green hotels. Sustainability, 15(16):12222. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612222
Mahapatra S, Kumar D, Singh B, Sachan KP (2021): Biofuels and their sources of production: A review on cleaner sustainable alternative against conventional fuel, in the framework of the food and energy nexus. Energy Nexus, 4:100036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2021.100036
Malik AM, Zeeshan S, Khubaib M, Ikram A, Hussain F, Yassin H, Qazi A (2024): A review of major trends, opportunities, and technical challenges in biodiesel production from waste sources. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 23:100675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100675
MASB (2021): Marketing mix. Common Language Marketing Dictionary – A project of the Marketing Accountability Standards Board. https://marketingdictionary.org/m/MM/
Mathwick C, Malhotra N, Rigdon E (2001): Experiential value: Conceptualization, measurement and application in the catalog and Internet shopping environment. Journal of Retailing, 77(1):39–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(00)00045-2
Mehrabani A, Ullah A (2020): Improved average estimation in seemingly unrelated regressions. Econometrics, 8(2):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/econometrics8020015
Millinger M, Ponitka J, Arendt O, Thrän D (2017): Competitiveness of advanced and conventional biofuels: Results from least-cost modelling of biofuel competition in Germany. Energy Policy, 107:394–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.05.013
MohammedNoor A, Ghazali AZ, Mat Rani MA (2014): The management and development of waqf properties in the state of Kedah Darul Aman. Paper presented at the International Conference on Masjid, Zakat and Waqf (IMAF2014), December 1–2, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Monroe KB (1990): Pricing: Making profitable decisions (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Mukherjee I, Sovacool B (2014): Palm oil-based biofuels and sustainability in Southeast Asia: A review of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.001
National Strategy Secretariat Office (NSSO), Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) (2018): National strategy (2018–2037). http://bic.moe.go.th/images/stories/pdf/National_Strategy_Summary.pdf
Nupueng S, Oosterveer P, Mol JPA (2018): Implementing a palm oil-based biodiesel policy: The case of Thailand. Energy Science & Engineering, 6(6):643–657. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.240
Okoro V, Azimov U, Munoz J (2022): Recent advances in production of bioenergy carrying molecules, microbial fuels, and fuel design – A review. Fuel, 316:123330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123330
Peattie K, Crane A (2005): Green marketing: Legend, myth, farce, or prophesy? Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 8(4):357–370. https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750510619733
Peremans K, Van Aelst S (2018): Robust inference for seemingly unrelated regression models. Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 167:212–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2018.05.002
Peters J, Thielmann S (2008): Promoting biofuels: Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy, 36(4):1538–1544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.01.013
Phitthayaphinant P, Nissapa A (2011): Consumers’ satisfaction on marketing mix of biodiesel in Southern Thailand: A case study in Songkhla, Krabi, and Trang Provinces. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 32(1):115–124. https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/kjss/article/view/246722
Phomsoda K, Puttanapong N, Piantanakulchai M (2021): Economic impacts of Thailand’s biofuel subsidy reallocation using a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Energies, 14(8):2272. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082272
Rame R, Purwanto P, Sudarno S (2024): Industry 5.0 and sustainability: An overview of emerging trends and challenges for a green future. Innovation and Green Development, 3(4):100173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2024.100173
Richardson W (2018): Evaluation of Fueling Our Future program: Consumer acceptance of biofuels in Iowa. Master’s thesis, Iowa State University Graduate Theses and Dissertations, 16447. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/16447
Rodriguez-Sanchez C (2023): The role of social marketing in achieving the planet sustainable development goals (SDGs). International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 20:559–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-023-00385-3
Rosenbloom B (2012): Marketing channels (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Rovinelli RJ, Hambleton RK (1977): On the use of content specialists in the assessment of criterion-referenced test item validity. Tijdschrift voor Onderwijsresearch, 2(2):49–60.
Salonen A, Terho H, Böhm E, Virtanen A, Rajala R (2021): Engaging a product-focused sales force in solution selling: Interplay of individual- and organizational-level conditions. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 49:139–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-020-00729-z
Sardianou E, Genoudi P (2013): Which factors affect the willingness of consumers to adopt renewable energies? Renewable Energy, 57:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.01.031
Saunders M, Lewis P, Thornhill A (2019): Research methods for business students (8th ed.). Pearson Education.
Serge ME (2019): Financial and human capital of microentrepreneurs and financing by microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Cameroon. Journal of Finance and Banking Review, 4(3):98–107. https://doi.org/10.35609/jfbr.2019.4.3(3)
Settabut A, Wattanapanich S (2009): Marketing management (13th ed.). Thammasat University Press.
Shahsavar T, Kubeš V, Baran D (2020): Willingness to pay for eco-friendly furniture based on demographic factors. Journal of Cleaner Production, 250:119466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119466
Singh AS, Masuku MB (2014): Sampling techniques & determination of sample size in applied statistics research: An overview. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(11):1–22.
Sivashankar P, Weerahewa J, Pushpakumara G, Galage-Dara L (2016): An estimation of the willingness to pay for biodiesel: A pilot study of diesel consumers. Bio-based and Applied Economics, 5(1):27–45. https://doi.org/10.13128/BAE-15283
Soltani M, Rahmani O, Beiranvand Pour A, Ghaderpour Y, Ngah I, Misnan SH (2019): Determinants of variation in household energy choice and consumption: Case from Mahabad City, Iran. Sustainability, 11(17):4775. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174775
Sowcharoensuk C (2020): Industry outlook 2020–2022: Palm oil industry. Krungsri Research. https://www.krungsri.com/en/research/industry/industry-outlook/agriculture/palm-oil/io/palm-oil-20
Stratton SJ (2021): Population research: Convenience sampling strategies. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 36(4):373–374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X21000649
Štreimikienė D, Lekavičius V, Stankūnienė G, Pažėraitė A (2022): Renewable energy acceptance by households: Evidence from Lithuania. Sustainability, 14(14):8370. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148370
Sui B, Sharma SS, Yao L-Y, Ni G-H, Chang C-P (2024): Does aging affect renewable energy? The role of extreme events and economic development. Energy Economics, 133:107491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107491
Tavakol M, Dennick R (2011): Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2:53–55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
Thapa S, Indrawan N, Bhoi PR (2018): An overview on fuel properties and prospects of Jatropha biodiesel as fuel for engines. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 9:210–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2017.12.003
The Nation (2023): Only B7, B20 diesel to be available in Thailand from May 1. https://www.nationthailand.com/thailand/general/40033888
The Nation (2024): Thailand cuts palm oil content in biodiesel to curb rising costs. https://www.nationthailand.com/news/policy/40043103
Thomas M, Buchanan J, McLaughlin D, Grubba D (2015): Sustainable sourcing guide for palm oil users: A practical handbook for US consumer goods and retail companies. Conservation International & World Wildlife Fund. https://files.worldwildlife.org/wwfcmsprod/files/Publication/file/6joy0ibl74_CI_Palm_Oil_Sourcing_Guide.pdf
Thongrak S, Kongmanee C, Kiatpathomchai S (2024): Oil palm development in Thailand: Trends and progress of sustainability efforts in palm oil production and procurement. Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil. https://rspo.org/wp-content/uploads/Summary-Report-ENG-Oil-Palm-Development-in-Thailand_-Trends-and-Progress-of-Sustainability-Efforts-in-Palm-Oil-Production-and-Procurement-Report.pdf
Ting CT, Hsieh CM, Chang HP, Chen HS (2019): Environmental consciousness and green customer behavior: The moderating roles of incentive mechanisms. Sustainability, 11:819. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030819
Tipsri T, Lersbamrungsuk V (2019): Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using supercritical and subcritical processes. Science, Engineering and Health Studies, 13(3):153–162.
Tranter B (2011): Political divisions over climate change and environmental issues in Australia. Environmental Politics, 20(1):78–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2011.538167
Tunpaiboon N (2020): Industry outlook 2020–2022: Biodiesel. Krungsri Research. https://www.krungsri.com/en/research/industry/industry-outlook/energy-utilities/biodiesel/io/io-biodiesel-20
UNCTAD (2014): The state of the biofuels market: Regulatory, trade and development perspective. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditcted2013d8_en.pdf
UNEP (2022): Emissions Gap Report 2022. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022
UNEP (2023): Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/resources/report/climate-change-2023-synthesis-report
UNFCCC (2021): Mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Thailand_LTS1.pdf
United Nations (2015): Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda
Van de Velde L, Verbeke W, Popp M, Van Huylenbroeck G (2011): Trust and perception related to information about biofuels in Belgium. Public Understanding of Science, 20(5):595–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662509358641
Van Hoof J, Soebarto V, Ayalon L, Marston HR, Zander KK, Dikken J, Kazak JK (2025): Ten questions concerning older people and a sustainable built environment. Building and Environment, 274:112742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112742
Vicente-Molina MA, Fernández-Sainz A, Izagirre-Olaizola J (2018): Does gender make a difference in pro-environmental behavior? The case of the Basque Country University students. Journal of Cleaner Production, 176:89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.079
Vo HD, Vo TA, Ho MC (2024): Urbanization and renewable energy consumption in the emerging ASEAN markets: A comparison between short and long-run effects. Heliyon, 10(9):e30243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30243
Voora V, Bermúdez S, Farrell JJ, Larrea C, Luna E (2023): Global market report: Palm oil prices and sustainability. International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-06/2023-global-market-report-palm-oil.pdf
Wall WP, Khalid B, Urbański M, Kot M (2021): Factors influencing consumer’s adoption of renewable energy. Energies, 14(17):5420. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175420
Wang Y, Hou L, Hu L, Cai W, Wang L, Dai C, Chen J (2023): How family structure type affects household energy consumption: A heterogeneous study based on Chinese household evidence. Energy, 284:129313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.129313
Wattana S, Wattana B (2020): An assessment of the impacts of renewable energy policies on the Thai electricity generation sector. International Energy Journal, 20(2):101–113.
Wattana S, Wattana B, Purathanung T (2022): Impacts of palm oil-based biofuel utilization promotion policy in the Thai transport sector. Journal of Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 78(2):7–18. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.78.2.30745
Wooldridge JM (2012): Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (5th ed.). South-Western Cengage Learning.
Wichmann RKJ, Uppal A, Sharma A, Dekimpe GM (2022): A global perspective on the marketing mix across time and space. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 39:502–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2021.09.001
Yamane T (1967): Statistics: An introductory analysis (2nd ed.). Harper and Row.
Yang X, Li N, Mu H, Ahmad M, Meng X (2022): Population aging, renewable energy budgets and environmental sustainability: Does health expenditures matter? Gondwana Research, 106:303–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2022.02.003
Zailani S, Iranmanesh M, Sean Hyun S, Ali MH (2019): Barriers of biodiesel adoption by transportation companies: A case of Malaysian transportation industry. Sustainability, 11(3):931. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030931
Zeithaml VA (1988): Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: A means-end model and synthesis of evidence. Journal of Marketing, 52(3):2–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200302
Zelezny LC, Chua P-P, Aldrich C (2000): Elaborating on gender differences in environmentalism. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3):443–457. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00177
Zellner A (1962): An efficient method of estimating seemingly unrelated regressions and tests for aggregation bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 57(298): 348–368. https://doi.org/10.2307/2281644
Zhang F, Zhang L, Guo Y, Zhang H (2023): A study on female consumers’ perceptions of the health value of visual elements of weight loss health product packaging. Sustainability, 15(18):13624. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813624
Zhang Y, Zahoor Z (2025): The role of energy subsidies, savings, and transitions in driving energy transformations toward net-zero emissions. Energy, 320:135209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135209
Zhou B, Kockelman MK (2009): Predicting the distribution of households and employment: A seemingly unrelated regression model with two spatial processes. Journal of Transport Geography, 17(5):369–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2008.09.003
Zobeidi T, Komendantova N, Yazdanpanah M (2022): Social media as a driver of renewable energy use: The perceptions of Instagram users in Iran. Energy Policy, 161:112721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112721